Sociolingo’s Mali

News, images and comments from Mali, West Africa

Masquerades of the Bozo, Kirango (mali)

Source: masquerades of the bozo, kirango (mali)

This interesting webpage By Elisabeth den Otter has lots of photos which you can access through links. It covers the rarely seen circumcision ceremony and has other cultural information

Kirango is an old village located on the bank of the Niger river, about 35 km north-east of the city of Ségou. The inhabitants are Bamanan (farmers) and Bozo/Somono (fishermen). Both ethnic groups celebrate their masquerades, each in its own way. For the Bozo/Somono circumcision is a very important ceremony, which takes place about every ten years. For that occasion, they organize a masquerade, with dances, masks, and ‘sogow’ (literally ‘animals’) that represent an animal, symbolic or domestic. They are accompanied by drumming and singing.

Go to the webpage and see the photos

Home

May 6, 2008 Posted by sociolingo | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURE, Mali ceremonies, Mali photography, Mali practices and beliefs, Mali symbols | | No Comments

Balafon museum for Sikasso

I’ve just seen a post on the African Press Association website about a new African xylophone museum to be created in Sikasso. It will be the first museum designed to preserve the heritage of the balafon, one of the famous musical instruments of the region. The Balafon is played in Mali, Burkina Faso, Cote-d’Ivoire, Togo, Benin and Ghana and the ‘triangle du Balafon’ festival is held in Sikasso.

Here’s a video of two Burkinabe balafonists from the collection of brunh21

April 29, 2008 Posted by sociolingo | ENTERTAINMENT, LIFE, MALI, Mali cultural heritage, Mali museums, Mali music | | 1 Comment

Mali to double rice production to curb “high cost of living”

Source: APA

Mali to double rice production to curb “high cost of living”

APA Bamako (Mali) The Malian government has decided to double the national production of rice in order to meet the national needs and face the price hike of international foodstuffs and basic commodities.

Some CFA 45 billion francs should thus be used to implement this plan initiated by the authorities in order to increase to 1.9 million tons of rice the national production of the 2008-2009 marketing year. This will be 100,000 tons more than the local consumption needs.

This project, aimed at ensuring food self-sufficiency of the country, depends primarily on subsidies for the financing of fertilier and seeds as well as on support-counselling to farming organizations.

It includes easy access to agricultural equipment and a support to the marketing system in order to encourage the bringing together of producer groups and private national economic operators.

The operation will enable the general public to easily have access to rice and allow Mali “to handle its own food needs,” the Malian Prime Minister, Modibo Sidibe, said here Friday.

A major rice producing country, Mali is also a big consumer half of whose consumption needs were up to this point covered by imports from Asian countries, Vietnam and Thailand in particular.

The Office du Niger, which is the oldest and biggest hydro-agricultural complex of sub-Saharan Africa, is the main producer of Malian rice. The French colonialists created the Office du Niger in 1932 in the lower delta of the Niger River, in Segou (centre).

AT/mn/ad/daj/APA 2008-04-18

April 18, 2008 Posted by sociolingo | LIFE, MALI, Mali food, Mali news | | No Comments

Mali Video: Jeli - griot

Source: YouTube

Here’s another video from africanskydotorg

AfricanSky.Org presents a video short featuring a contemporary rural griot from southern Mali. Produced by Scott M. Lacy. All rights reserved, 2007.

April 8, 2008 Posted by sociolingo | CULTURE, ENTERTAINMENT, Mali cultural heritage, Mali culture, Mali music, Mali video | | No Comments

Mali: Salif Keita you tube video

 Thanks to hoz1999 for this Salif Keita video.

March 10, 2008 Posted by sociolingo | CULTURE, ENTERTAINMENT, MALI, Mali music | | No Comments

Mali anthropology: baby naming ceremony, Bamako

Love it or hate it, You Tube can be a useful tool for the anthropologist. I came across this video clip of a naming ceremony in Bamako

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-rBWKHhyOs

This video was shot at a celebration and baby naming ceremony
deep in the heart of Bamako (Sabaliboogo district). Interestingly similar to the Mali marriage ceremonies with Griot singers and drum and dance friendly competition. Siaka’s drum troupe are the main performance and young Kaliefa plays the lead in this clip. The dance party is for one of the dancers who recently had a baby.

michaelpluznick has a good range of video clips on YouTube with drumming as a theme.

March 4, 2008 Posted by sociolingo | ANTHROPOLOGY, MALI, Mali celebrations, Mali ceremonies, Mali culture, Mali drumming | | No Comments

Mali:The Future of Mud: A Tale of Houses and Lives in Djenne

Source: Earth Architecture

The Future of Mud: A Tale of Houses and Lives in Djenne

Thursday, November 15, 2007

The Future of Mud: A Tale of Houses and Lives in Djenne, a new film by Susan Vogel and presented by the Musée National du Mali, is the story of Komusa, master mason and heir to the secrets of Djenne architecture. He hopes his son will continue the family profession and maintain their world heritage city - but Djenne is connected to a global world now, and competing ideas about the future have arrived. Documentary footage and staged scenes tell an intimate story of family tensions, contemporary building practices, and the precarious future of the renowned mud architecture of Mali.

Treehugger writes of the film:

A “collective connection to earthen architecture is best seen in the film’s footage of the annual re-plastering of the town’s pride, the Great Mosque, which is the world’s largest earth building, in addition to being a distinguished UNESCO World Heritage site. The first earthen structure here on this site dates back to the 13th century and is re-plastered every year. The day-long, annual festival is truly a communal affair, with plenty of foreign tourists gawking on and filming the orderly chaos.”


photo of the Great Mosque of Djenne by Ferdinand Reus

The Future of Mud: A Tale of Houses and Lives in Djenne
Co-Produced with Trevor Marchand and Samuel Sidibé.
Edited by Harry Kafka. Music by Issa Bagayogo. In Bamana, French, English with English subtitles. Color, 58 minutes. Distributed by FRIF.com. Available fall 2007.

February 18, 2008 Posted by sociolingo | ARTS, CULTURE, Djénné, MALI, Mali architecture, Mali arts and crafts, Village houses, buildings, mosques | | 1 Comment

Mali hosts symposium on protecting African cultural memory

Source: APA

Mali hosts symposium on protecting African cultural memory

APA-Bamako (Mali) A two-day international scientific symposium on the rights of peoples to protect their cultural memory opened Tuesday in Bamako, the Malian capital, with participation of a number of intellectuals and university professors from various countries.

The symposium, which is organized by the Qaddafi Prize Committee and the North-South Institutes for Culture, Dialogue and Human Rights, coincides with the occasion of granting the 2007 Qaddafi Prize to the Ahmed Baba Institute for high studies and Islamic researches in the legendary city of Timbuktu in Mali.

The Malian minister of High Education and Scientific Research Amadou Toure said in the inauguration speech that during the 8th century, Timbuktu witnessed that peoples of West Africa were principal activists and participants in the international circle for thoughts, economy and politics.

Gold mines made West Africa a target point for gold traders and as well a point to establish relations between black Africa and the Arab and European worlds, Malian minister said.

The African intellectuals taking part in the symposium warned that African languages, culture and historic belonging were facing dangerous threat by globalization; therefore they called on Africans to depend on the creative words in order to benefit from modern technologies.

The president of the International Popular Committee for Qaddafi Human Rights Prize said “the cultural memory discussed in the symposium reminds us of the historic role and participation of Africa in global civilization. We must return to this heritage in order to integrate it in the process of our liberation, as it was expressed by the African militant Amilcar Cabral when he said ‘before any thing the liberation process is a cultural movement.’”

Several speakers considered that the need to protect the cultural memory was more urgent today, particularly when it comes to confrontation between the world and the liberal globalization which is considered as an aggression on culture and national identities.

The handing over of the Qaddafi Prize to the Ahmed Baba Institute is scheduled to take place in Bamako, as the institute is credited with preserving tens of thousands of ancient texts which prove that Africa had a written history.

The Qaddafi International Prize for Human Rights, which was established in 1988, is granted annually to one of the persons, associations, or international organizations that have distinctively contributed to service to humanity.

SS/daj/APA 2008-01-16

February 18, 2008 Posted by sociolingo | CULTURE, MALI | | No Comments

Mali: 10th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture

I’ve been trying to find information and reports from Terra 2008 which was held in Mali from 1-5 February 2008. So far all I found was an ended discussion forum on BBC NEWS about ‘Should Africa do away with mud buildings‘ which I thought was a very negative question - as did most of the respondents. It was also a strange question to ask on the week that 300 delegates were meeting to discuss the preservation of earthen architecture.

I did find one delegate report at Aluka Blog . By the way you may be interested to explore that blog as there are some really interesting links on Mali, and Djenne in particular.

Here is the information from the Getty Foundation who are funding the conference:

10th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture

Bamako, Mali
February 2008

conservation image

The 10th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture will be held in February 2008 in Bamako, Mali, West Africa. The conference is organized by the Getty Conservation Institute and the Ministry of Culture of Mali with the collaboration of Africa 2009, CRATerre-ENSAG, ICOMOS South Africa, and the World Heritage Centre, under the aegis of ICOMOS and its International Scientific Committee on the Earthen Architectural Heritage. Three hundred international specialists in the fields of earthen architecture, conservation, archaeology, scientific research and site management are expected to attend.

conservation image

This is the tenth conference to be organized by the earthen architecture community under the aegis of ICOMOS since 1972, and the first to be held in Africa. It provides a unique opportunity to discuss and observe firsthand conservation issues particular to sub-Saharan Africa, a region rich in earthen architecture. During this conference, specialists will present papers and posters that reflect the latest research and practices in the study and conservation of earthen architecture worldwide.

The languages in official use during the conference will be French and English. A four-day postconference tour to Tombouctou, Mopti, Bandiagara and Djenné will be organized for a maximum of one hundred participants. Funding opportunities for participants from developing countries to attend the conference will be available.

February 11, 2008 Posted by sociolingo | ACADEMIC, ARCHAEOLOGY, CULTURE, Jenné-jeno, MALI, Mali archaeology, Mali architecture, Mali conferences, Mali cultural heritage, Village houses, buildings, mosques | | 1 Comment

Mali: Heritage laws

Source: African Archaeology Net

Mali [with the help of Dr.Daouda Keita] :
> Loi n°62-75/ AN-RM du 17 septembre 1962 portant création de l’Institut des Sciences Humaines
> Ordonnance n° 46/ CMLN du 31 août 1973 portant approbation concernant la protection du patrimoine mondial, culturel et naturel
> Ordonnance n° 76-10/ CMLN du 29 janvier 1976 portant création de la Direction Nationale des Arts et de la Culture
> Décret n°317/PG-RM du 1er novembre 1978 portant réorganisation de l’Institut des Sciences Humaines
> Loi n° 83-53/ AN-RM du 17 mars 1984 portant création du Musée National du Mali
> Loi n°85-40/ AN-RM du 26 juillet 1985 relative à la protection et à la promotion du patrimoine culturel
> Décret n°203/PG-RM du 13 août 1985 instituant une Commission nationale de sauvegarde du patrimoine culturel
> Décret n°275/PG-RM du 04 novembre 1985 portant réglementation des fouilles archéologiques
> Loi n° 86-61/PG-RM du 26 juillet 1986 relative à la profession de négociant en biens culturels
> Décret n° 299/PG-RM du 19 septembre 1986 relatif à la réglementation de la prospection, de la commercialisation et de l’exportation des biens culturels
> Loi n°88-29/ AN-RM du 21 mars 1988 portant création de l’Institut des Sciences Humaines
> Ordonnance n° 90-43 / P-RM portant création du Musée National du Mali, 6 juin 1990
> Décret n° 90-332/PRM portant organisation et modalités de fonctionnement du musée national, 25 juillet 1990
> Décret n° 93-203/P-RM du 11 juin 1993 portant création des Missions Culturelles de Bandiagara, Djenné, Tombouctou
> Décret n°96-133/P-RM portant protection de l’environnement à l’occasion de la réalisation des grands travaux
> Décret n°99-189/ P-RM du 05 juillet 1999 portant institution de la procédure d’étude d’impact sur l’environnement
> Ordonnance n° 01-027/ P-RM du 02 août 2001 portant création de la Direction Nationale du Patrimoine Culturel
> Ordonnance n° 01-029/ P-RM du 03 août 2001 portant création du Musée National du Mali
> Ordonnance n° 01-032/ P-RM du 03 août 2001 portant création des Missions Culturelles de Bandiagara, de Djenné et de Tombouctou
> Ordonnance n° 02-057/P-RM du 05 juin 2002 portant création de l’Institut des Sciences Humaines
> Décret n°594/P-RM du 31 décembre 2003 relatif à l’étude d’impact sur l’environnement

December 28, 2007 Posted by sociolingo | ARCHAEOLOGY, CULTURE, Mali archaeology, Mali cultural heritage, Mali culture | | No Comments

Mali culture: Chi Wara Headdress

Source: Virginia Museum of Fine Arts

Chiwara Headdress

Chi Wara Headdress
19th-20th century
Bamana culture, Mali
Wood, 34 by 13 1/2 by 3 3/4 inchesAfrica is the home to a wide variety of animal life in and African artists often incorporate images of animals to express ideas.

The Chi Wara mask is one such example of African art. Chi Wara translates as “animal of tillage.” In Bamana belief, a mythical creature-the primordial Chi Wara-was the first farmer, a wild beast who taught mankind how to cultivate fields. Today, the skills of farming are still critical to sustaining life on the edge of the Sahara Desert.

In this sculpted mask and others of the same type, the mythical creature is represented by combining aspects of different animals. The lower body represents the aardvark, a type of anteater that burrows into the ground with its claws and snout. The way an aardvark scratches at the earth reminds the viewer of planting crops. The head of the sculpture with the tall thin antlers of a roan antelope remind the viewer of growing millet, a grain commonly grown in the region. And, the zigzag patterns stand for the path of the sun between winter and summer solstices also suggesting the way an antelope runs. The Chi Wara is formed into a crest mask, which sits on top of the dancer’s head attached to a basketry cap. The dancer’s body and face are hidden by a costume of grasses and fibers that is a symbol of rain-essential to growing food. Beads, leather, and metal attachments often are added to embellish the masquerade.

Performances with Chi Wara headdresses are done by champion farmers at times of land clearing, plowing, planting, and harvest. The dance is done in a bent over attitude to show “an excellent farmer hoes the ground continually, without straightening up to rest.” The performance is hoped to aid in the farmer’s efforts to make something out of nothing - growing crops from the dry ground.

There is also a Chi Wara society in which elders teach young farmers to preserve the knowledge of agricultural practices. This society prepares boys to become fathers and husbands by focusing on skills needed to be successful farmers to provide for their family and contribute to the community as a whole. In daily life, women help with farming chores as well. In similar fashion, there are male and female versions of the headdress that are danced in pairs. Drummers provide the beat as women sing and call out praises to the ideal farmer.

December 28, 2007 Posted by sociolingo | ANTHROPOLOGY, ARTS, CULTURE, Mali arts and crafts, Mali cultural heritage, Mali culture, Mali exhibitions | | 1 Comment

Songhoy symbols, Timbuktu

December 26, 2007 Posted by sociolingo | ANTHROPOLOGY, ARTS, CULTURE, Mali architecture, Mali culture, Mali photography, Mali symbolism, Mali symbols, buildings | | No Comments

U.S. Protection of Archaeological Material from Mali

I’ve written before about the looting of archaeological artefacts from Mali. I have just noticed that the agreement with the US which forbids the import into the USA of Mali artifacts has been extended for another five years and now covers archaeological material from throughout Mali dating from the Paleolithic Era (Stone Age) to approximately the mid-eighteenth century.. I feel strongly that this information should be added to all tourist information on Mali and should be wider known.

Source: http://exchanges.state.gov/culprop/mlfact.html 

On September 23, 1993, the U.S. took emergency action to impose import restrictions on archaeological material from the Niger River Valley region and the Tellem burial caves of Bandiagara of Mali.

On September 19, 1997, the Government of the United States and the Government of the Republic of Mali signed an agreement that continued without interruption the import restriction placed on the same archaeological material. On September 19, 2002, the Government of the United States and the Government of the Republic of Mali extended the agreement for five years.

Effective September 19, 2007, the two countries extended the agreement for an additional five years and amended it to apply U.S. import restrictions on archaeological material from throughout Mali dating from the Paleolithic Era (Stone Age) to approximately the mid-eighteenth century.

II. Background

These U.S. actions are in response to requests from the Government of Mali under Article 9 of the 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property.

Sites throughout Mali represent a continuum of civilizations from the Paleolithic Era (Stone Age) period to the 18th century, lending archaeological significance to the region. The archaeological sites along the length of the Niger River Valley constitute virtually the only known source of information pertaining to the great civilizations that existed there. It is estimated that eighty to ninety percent of the sites surrounding the ancient city of Djenne-jeno, one of the most significant archaeological complexes in the region, have been plundered to meet the demands of the international market. Similarly, Stone Age sites in the Saraha that are crucial to understanding the history of early humans are being picked apart in the search for stone tools. All of this looting of archaeological sites severely limits the ability of Mali to fully understand the pre-modern civilizations of within its borders.

These U.S. actions are intended to reduce the incentive for pillage of Malian artifacts and offer the opportunity for Mali to further pursue the regulatory, institutional, and educational measures it has already initiated. Measures include the implementation of procedures for the inventory and classification of cultural property, an improved export review system, and the creation of cultural missions to educate local populations to better safeguard sites against pillage, thereby maximizing opportunities for scientific excavation. Mali is the first and only African country to request and receive this form of U.S. protection. 

III. Categories of Artifacts Subject to Import Restriction

A complete list is published in the Federal Register notice of September 19, 2007. An illustrated list is available in the Mali Image Collection. Restricted archaeological items dating from the Paleolithic era to the mid-18th century A.D. include: terracotta statues and common vessels; figurines and jewelry of copper and copper alloy, figurines of iron figures; stone tools and grave markers; and glass beads. Leather, textiles, iron objects, wood objects, and ceramic vessels from the Tellem burial caves are also restricted.

IV. Import Regulations

Objects from the Niger River Valley and the Tellem burial caves of Bandiagara listed in the 1993 Federal Register notice may enter the U.S. if they have an export permit issued by Mali or verifiable documentation that they left Mali prior to the effective date of the restriction: September 23, 1993.

Note that, beginning September 19, 2007, objects from sites throughout the country including the Tilemsi Valley, the Boucle du Baoule, the Bura Band, Tondidarou, Teghaza, Gao, Menaka, Karkarichinkat, Iforas Massif (Adrar des Iforas), Es-Souk, and Kidal may enter the U.S. if they have an export permit issued by Mali or verifiable documentation that they left Mali prior to the effective date of the restriction: September 23, 1993 for objects from the Niger River Valley and the Tellem burial caves of Bandiagara listed in the 1993 Federal Register and September 19, 2007 for objects from throughout Mali, and including sites of the Paleolithic Era (Stone Age).

V. For More Information

United States
International Cultural Property Protection
Mali
Direction Nationale des Arts et de la Culture
Ministére de la Culture et du Tourisme
Quartier du Fleuve
B.P. 116
Bamako, Mali
Tel: (223) 22-33-82

December 18, 2007 Posted by sociolingo | ARCHAEOLOGY, CULTURE, MALI, Mali archaeology | | No Comments

The Mande charter controversy: A Magna Carta for Africa?

The Mande charter controversy: A Magna Carta for Africa?

Posted by sociolingo on May 25th, 2007

 

There is an interesting debate going on in the H-Africa email list for African history and culture about the so-called Mande Charter. I also found an OECD document which is the report of a workshop in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso in 2006: The KURUKAN FUGA Charter: An example of an Endogenous Governance Mechanism for Conflict Prevention. You can download the pdf file of the full report HERE.

Etienne Smith gave a very detailed reply to the original query on the H-Africa list about the charter which you may find interesting even if you do disagree with him. (see below).

In the “invention of tradition”; process occurring now in Mali, Senegal and Guinea around this issue, I think we need to distinguish between two so-called “Charts”;: the Charte du Mande (”1222″ ;) and the “Charte de Kurukan Fuga”; (”1236″;). Both versions claim to date back to Sunjata’s reign and his victory against Sosso, but they provide different dates, and the formalised text is somewhat different (texts included below for comparison).

The “Charte du Mandé”; is based on oral traditions of the Mandinka hunters associations and, to my knowledge, was first published in
1991 (Cissé & Kamissoko 1991: 39). It is this version, transcribed by Youssouf Tata Cissé which figures in the 2003 book (Cissé, Fofana & Sagot-Duvauroux 2003) you mentioned.

The “Charte de Kurukan Fuga”; was reconstructed by Mandinka « traditionnistes » from Senegal, Mali and Guinea at a workshop on community radios in the Guinean town of Kankan in march 1998. This workshop was financed by the Francophonie and Swiss Cooperation. The traditionnistes first confronted their version in a closed hearing.
The Guinean judge Siriman Kouyaté then translated the proceedings into French and organised it in 44 articles and a Preamble to turn it into the equivalent of a modern constitution (Kouyaté 2003). This constitutional version is supposed to be published soon by the African Union, with a preface by Djibril Tamsir Niane.

For the online version of this newly born constitution, see http://www.africa-orale.org/charte.rtf .

Souleymane Kanté (Amselle 2001:198), and before him Djibril Tamsir Niane (Niane 1960:13 8) already referred to the Kurukan Fuga gathering and statement. The 1236 (sometimes 1235) date, is an invention of the French colonial administrator Maurice Delafosse.

Like the Charte du Mande, the Charte de Kurukan Fuga is presented by its promoters as a “hidden treasury”; from the West African past. It is already the basis for claims of endogenous origins of modern concepts (decentralisation, local democracy, environment conservation, feminism, human rights, cultural diversity, welfare state). In 2000 in Bamako, a calendar of the “year 764 of Kurukan Fuga”; was issued. In Senegal, the Charter of Kurukan Fuga is already included in textbooks next to the Constitution of Senegal and major UN texts on human rights.

West-African intellectuals like Djibril Tamsir Niane, Siriman Kouyaté, Raphaël Ndiaye, Cheikh Hamidou Kane, Martin Faye, Mangoné Niang, Youssouf Tata Cissé are explicitly looking in either of the Charts for equivalents of the Western Magna Carta (1215), Bill of Rights (1628, 1689), Habeas Corpus (1679) and Déclaration des Droits de l’Homme et du Citoyen (1789). It is a real transnational cultural enterprise, involving Western NGOs, of codifying great African political “texts”; that can compete with their Western counterparts.
Interestingly, these intellectuals are also promoting the reinvention of joking relationships which are said to have been institutionalised by Sunjata at Kurukan Fuga (article 7 of the reconstructed “chart”;). Let’s be clear that it is more a process of political re-imagination of the past (and thus a statement on the present governance and fragmentation of West Africa) than something to read literally (Canut & Smith 2006: 717-720).

**

Charte du Mande (”1222″;). Source : Cissé & Kamissoko 1991: 39.

1. Les chasseurs déclarent :
Toute vie (humaine) est une vie.
Il est vrai qu’une vie apparaît à l’existence avant une autre vie, Mais une vie n’est pas plus “ancienne”, plus respectable qu’une autre vie, De même qu’une vie n’est pas supérieure à une autre vie.
2. Les chasseurs déclarent :
Toute vie étant une vie,
Tout tort causé à une vie exige réparation.
Par conséquent,
Que nul ne s’en prenne gratuitement à son voisin, Que nul ne cause du tort à son prochain, Que nul ne martyrise son semblable.
3. Les chasseurs déclarent :
Que chacun veille sur son prochain,
Que chacun vénère ses géniteurs,
Que chacun éduque comme il se doit ses enfants, Que chacun “entretienne”, pourvoie aux besoins des membres de sa famille.
4. Les chasseurs déclarent :
Que chacun veille sur le pays de ses pères.
Par pays ou patrie, faso,
Il faut entendre aussi et surtout les hommes ; Car “tout pays, toute terre qui verrait les hommes disparaître de sa surface Deviendrait aussitôt nostalgique.”
5. Les chasseurs déclarent :
La faim n’est pas une bonne chose,
L’esclavage n’est pas non plus une bonne chose ; Il n’y a pas pire calamité que ces choses-là, Dans ce bas monde.
Tant que nous détiendrons le carquois et l’arc, La faim ne tuera plus personne au Manden, Si d’aventure la famine venait à sévir ; La guerre ne détruira plus jamais de village Pour y prélever des esclaves ; C’est dire que nul ne placera désormais le mors dans la bouche de son semblable Pour allez le vendre ; Personne ne sera non plus battu, A fortiori mis à mort, Parce qu’il est fils d’esclave.
6. Les chasseurs déclarent :
L’essence de l’esclavage est éteinte ce jour, “D’un mur à l’autre”, d’une frontière à l’autre du Manden ; La razzia est bannie à compter de ce jour au Manden ; Les tourments nés de ces horreurs sont finis à partir de ce jour au Manden.
Quelle épreuve que le tourment !
Surtout lorsque l’opprimé ne dispose d’aucun recours.
L’esclave ne jouit d’aucune considération, Nulle part dans le monde.
7. Les gens d’autrefois nous disent :
“L’homme en tant qu’individu
Fait d’os et de chair,
De moelle et de nerfs,
De peau recouverte de poils et de cheveux, Se nourrit d’aliments et de boissons ; Mais son “âme”, son esprit vit de trois choses :
Voir qui il a envie de voir,
Dire ce qu’il a envie de dire
Et faire ce qu’il a envie de faire ;
Si une seule de ces choses venait à manquer à l’âme humaine, Elle en souffrirait Et s’étiolerait sûrement.”
En conséquence, les chasseurs déclarent :
Chacun dispose désormais de sa personne, Chacun est libre de ses actes, Chacun dispose désormais des fruits de son travail.
Tel est le serment du Manden
A l’adresse des oreilles du monde tout entier.

**

Charte de Kurukan Fuga (« 1236 »).
Source: www.afrik.com/IMG/doc/LA_CHARTE_DE_KURUKAN_FUGA.doc
For the English version, see: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/60/55/37341473.pdf

I - DE L’ORGANISATION SOCIALE:

Article 1er: La société du grand mandé est divisée en seize (16) porteurs de
carquois, cinq (5) classes de marabouts, quatre classes (4) de
nyamakalas. Chacun de ces groupes a une activité et un rôle
spécifiques.
Article 2: Les nyamakalas se doivent de dire la vérité aux Chefs, d’être leurs
conseillers et de défendre par le verbe les règles établies et l’ordre sur
l’ensemble du royaume.
Article 3: Les morikanda Lolu (les cinq classes de marabouts) sont nos maîtres
et nos éducateurs en islam. Tout le monde leur doit respect et
considération.
Article 4: La société est divisée en classes d’âge. A la tête de chacune d’elles est
élu un chef. Sont de la même classe d’âge les personnes (hommes ou
femmes) nées au cours d’une période de trois années consécutives.
Les Kangbès (classe intermédiaire entre les jeunes et les vieux) doivent être conviés pour participer à la prise des grandes décisions concernant la société.
Article 5: Chacun a le droit à la vie et à la préservation de son intégrité
physique. En conséquence, toute tentation d’enlever la vie à son
prochain est punie de la peine de mort.
Article 6: Pour gagner la bataille de la prospérité, il est institué le Kön¨gbèn
Wölö (un mode de surveillance) pour lutter contre la paresse et
l’oisiveté.

Article 7: Il est institué entre les mandenkas le sanankunya (cousinage à
plaisanterie) et le tanamanyöya (forme de totémisme). En
conséquence, aucun différent né entre ces groupes ne doit dégénérer,
le respect de l’autre étant la règle.
Entre beaux-frères et belles-s½urs, entre grands parents et petits-enfants, tolérance et le chahut doivent être le principe.
Article 8: La famille KEITA est désignée famille régnante sur l’empire.

Article 9: L’éducation des enfants incombe à l’ensemble de la société. La
puissance paternelle appartient en conséquence à tous.
Article 10: Adressons-nous mutuellement les condoléances.
Article 11: Quand votre femme ou votre enfant fuit, ne le poursuivez pas chez le
voisin.
Article 12 : La succession étant patrilinéaire, ne donnez jamais le pouvoir à un
fils tant qu’un seul de ses pères vit.
Ne donnez jamais le pouvoir à un mineur parce qu’il possède des liens.
Article 13: N’offensez jamais les nyaras.
Article 14: N’offensez jamais les femmes, nos mères.
Article 15: Ne portez jamais la main sur une femme mariée avant d’avoir fait
intervenir sans succès son mari.
Article 16: Les femmes, en plus de leurs occupations quotidiennes doivent être
associées à tous nos Gouvernements.
Article 17: Les mensonges qui ont vécu 40 ans doivent être considérés comme
des vérités.
Article 18: Respectons le droit d’aînesse.
Article 19: Tout homme a deux beaux-parents: Les parents de la fille que l’on
n’a pas eue et la parole qu’on a prononcé sans contrainte aucune. On
leur doit respect et considération.
Article 20: Ne maltraite, pas les esclaves, accordez leur un jour de repos par
semaine et faites en sorte qu’ils cessent le travail à des heures
raisonnables. On est maître de l’esclave et non du sac qu’il porte.
Article 21: Ne poursuivez pas de vos assiduités les épouses: du Chef, du voisin,
du marabout du féticheur, de l’ami et de l’associé.
Article 22: La vanité est le signe de la faiblesse et l’humilité le signe de la
grandeur.
Article 23: Ne vous trahissez jamais entre vous. Respectez la parole d’honneur.
Article 24: Ne faites jamais du tort au étrangers.
Article 25: Le chargé de mission ne risque rien au Mandé.
Article 26: Le taureau confié ne doit pas diriger le parc.
Article 27: La jeune fille peut être donnée en mariage dès qu’elle est pubère sans
détermination d’âge. Le choix de ses parents doit être suivi quelques
soit le nombre des candidats.
Article 28: Le jeune homme peut se marier à partir de 20 ans.
Article 29: La dote est fixée à 3 bovins: un pour la fille, deux pour ses père et
mère.
Article 30: Venons en aide à ceux qui en ont besoin.

II - DES BIENS:

Article 31: Il y a cinq façons d’acquérir la propriété: l’achat, la donation,
l’échange, le travail et la succession. Toute autre forme sans
témoignage probant est équivoque.

Article 32: Tout objet trouvé sans propriétaire connu ne devient propriété
commune qu’au bout de quatre ans.
Article 33: La quatrième mise-bas d’une génisse confiée est la propriété du
gardien.
Article 34: Un bovin doit être échangé contre quatre moutons ou quatre chèvres.
Article 35: Un ½uf sur quatre est la propriété du gardien de la poule pondeuse.
Article 36: Assouvir sa faim n’est pas du vol si on n’emporte rien dans son sac
ou sa poche.

III - DE LA PRESERVATION DE LA NATURE:

Article 37: Fakombè est désigné Chef des chasseurs. Il est chargé de préserver la
brousse et ses habitants pour le bonheur de tous.
Article 38: Avant de mettre le feu à la brousse, ne regardez pas à terre, levez la
tête en direction de la cime des arbres.
Article 39: Les animaux domestiques doivent être attachés au moment des
cultures et libérés après les récoltes. Le chien, le chat, le canard et la
volaille ne sont pas soumis à cette mesure.

III - DISPOSITIONS FINALES:

Article 40: Respectez la parenté, le mariage et le voisinage.
Article 41: Tuez votre ennemi, ne l’humiliez pas.
Article 42: Dans les grandes assemblées, contentez vous de vos légitimes
représentants et tolérez-vous les uns les autres.
Article 43: Balla Fassèkè KOUYATE est désigné grand Chef des cérémonies et
médiateur principal du mandé. Il est autorisé à plaisanter avec toutes
les tribus en priorité avec la famille royale.
Article 44: Tous ceux qui enfreindront à ces règles seront punis. Chacun est
chargé de veiller à leur application.

References :

AMSELLE, Jean-Loup
2001. Branchements. Anthropologie de l’universalité des cultures, Paris, Flammarion.

CANUT, Cécile and SMITH Etienne
2006. “Pactes, alliances et plaisanteries : Pratiques locales, discours global.” Cahiers d’Etudes Africaines 184/46(4):687-754.

CISSÉ, Youssouf Tata & KAMISSOKO, Wâ
1991. La grande geste du Mali. Vol. 2 Soundjata ou la gloire du Mali, Paris : Karthala-ARSAN.

CISSÉ, Y. T., FOFANA , A. & SAGOT-DUVAUROUX, J-L.
2003 La Charte du Mande et autres traditions du Mali, Paris, Albin Michel

KOUYATE, Siriman
2003. Le cousinage à plaisanterie, notre héritage commun, Conakry :
Editions Ganndal.

NIANE, Djibril Tamsir
1960. Soundiata ou l’épopée mandingue, Paris : Présence africaine.

May 28, 2007 Posted by sociolingo | MALI, MALI POLITICS, Mali democracy, Mali development, Mali philosophy | | 4 Comments

Mali: technology innovations

I’ve just come across a web journal of a young engineering graduate, Tom Owen, who went to Mali to explore the role of technology in the lives of Malians. The post I looked at explored pottery techniques. I was interested to see that they were thinking of introducing the innovation of a diesel driven pottery wheel. My reaction was quite negative as I read about it. I then read on to the comments following the post and saw that others shared my reservations. I think we have to be very careful about introducing innovations which are difficult to sustain. Diesel fuel is expensive and in today’s awareness of green technology this is not a good idea. One of the commenters suggested that a foot driven wheel would be a better option. I would question whether either a diesel or foot driven wheel is capable of making the huge water jars that the women Owen described make. They currently make them in several stages for very good reasons - these huge jars need drying at various stages so that they do not collapse. The techniques used are very ancient, and we should also question whether an intervention which changes irrevocably this ancient technique would actually bring about culture loss. More is not necessarily better. This also impinges on the supply chain. Another commenter said:

Given social acceptability and widespread use of such a technology, would increased production be met with continued demand and thus greater income or market saturation and decreased returns?

To be fair, the Multifunction Platform  (a 10 hp diesel engine which can power things like corn mills) does seem to be making a lot of difference to women in the village. However, there are other projects in Mali which are now using locally produced green technology biofuels from Jatropha oil to power generators. See the Mali Folke Center.

So, for me there are two issues with using technology for culture change.

  • Does the change promote culture loss?
  • Is the change sustainable?

May 22, 2007 Posted by sociolingo | ENVIRONMENT, MALI, Mali arts and crafts, Mali cultural heritage, Mali culture, Mali pottery, Mali sustainable development | | 2 Comments